eFTC-260901

Non-Homogeneous Cosmology in Einstein Real Gravity
21 September 2026

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Abstract

Making use of the Real Gravity (RG) formulation of Einstein General Relativity (EGR), we generalize the homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric model of standard cosmology to explore the effects of relaxing homogeneity by introducing a Newtonian-type gravitational potential in the original Friedmann equations. Our model includes a cosmological constant as well. As in the standard model, neutral matter (galaxies, clusters and light) is described in terms of a perfect fluid in comoving coordinates. The tensor structure of the field equations however further requires the introduction of a global cosmic magnetic field as well as a heat conduction flux 4-vector. An exact solution is found which corresponds to a static universe with zero Hubble constant. In the limit of zero Newton-type gravitational potential, we recover the standard model of cosmology describing the expansion of the universe. The cosmological principle is then seen as crucial for the expansion to occur. So, in our physical non-homogenous universe, an alternative explanation remains to be found for the galactic or galactic clusters redshifts yielding a finite Hubble parameter.

Copyright © 2026 Yvan Leblanc. All rights reserved

PACS: 4.60.+n, 11.17.+y, 97.60.Lf

Cite as: Leblanc, Y., "Non-Homogeneous Cosmology in Einstein Real Gravity", Report no. eFTC-260901 (2026). http://www.efieldtheory.com/abs/?eFTC-260901; doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.29496.51208.